Retzius-sparing robotic prostate surgery is a specialised type of robotic prostate cancer surgery that removes the prostate using a different surgical route compared with the standard robotic approach.
In traditional robotic prostate surgery, the surgeon usually reaches the prostate from the front of the pelvis. In the Retzius-sparing approach, your surgeon reaches the prostate from behind instead. That difference may sound technical, but it matters because the front part of the pelvis contains tissues that help support urinary control.
The aim of this technique is to preserve more of those supportive structures while still removing the cancer effectively. Because of this, you may recover urinary continence earlier after surgery compared with the conventional robotic approach. However, this does not mean the procedure is suitable for everyone, and it does not completely remove the risk of side effects such as urinary leakage or erectile dysfunction.
A 2022 systematic review reported that Retzius-sparing robotic prostatectomy showed an advantage in early continence recovery for some men. At the same time, the review also found higher positive surgical margin rates in some studies and no clear overall difference in erectile function recovery or complication rates compared with standard robotic prostatectomy.
If you are considering this type of surgery, it is important to understand that it is a specialised technique. Whether it is the right option for you depends on factors such as your cancer, prostate anatomy, overall health, and your surgeon’s experience with the procedure.
What Does “Retzius-Sparing” Mean?
The term “Retzius” refers to the space of Retzius, also called the retropubic space. This is an area at the front of your pelvis located between the pubic bone and the bladder. You may also hear it called the prevesical space or the cave of Retzius.
In conventional robotic prostate surgery, the surgeon usually reaches the prostate from the front of the pelvis. This means the space of Retzius is entered during the operation, and some nearby tissues and support structures may need to be moved or divided to access the prostate.
In Retzius-sparing robotic prostatectomy, your surgeon avoids this front pelvic space as much as possible. Instead, the prostate is approached from behind using what is known as a posterior surgical approach.
The reason this matters is because the front part of the pelvis contains structures that help support the bladder, urethra, and urinary continence system. By preserving more of these natural support structures, the Retzius-sparing approach may help you regain urinary control earlier after surgery compared with the more traditional robotic approach.
What Is Robotic Prostate Cancer Surgery?
Robotic prostate cancer surgery is a minimally invasive operation used to remove the prostate gland when prostate cancer is suitable for surgical treatment. You will often hear it called a robot-assisted radical prostatectomy.
During the operation, your surgeon controls robotic instruments through several small cuts in the abdomen. The robot does not perform the surgery on its own. Your surgeon remains fully in control throughout the entire procedure. The robotic system is designed to provide greater precision, stability, and highly magnified views during delicate parts of the operation.
As part of the surgery, your prostate gland is removed and the bladder is then reconnected to the urethra, which is the tube that carries urine out of the body.
This area of the body is very delicate because the prostate sits close to structures involved in urinary control and sexual function, including the urinary sphincter, bladder neck, nerves, and blood vessels. Because of this, the surgeon’s technique can play a major role not only in removing the cancer effectively, but also in how well you recover urinary continence and erectile function after surgery.
How Conventional Robotic Prostate Surgery Is Usually Done
In conventional robot-assisted radical prostatectomy, your surgeon usually approaches the prostate from the front of the pelvis. This is known as the anterior approach.
During the operation, the surgeon enters the space of Retzius and works around the bladder and prostate from the front before removing the prostate gland. Once the prostate has been removed, the bladder is then reconnected to the urethra so urine can pass normally again.
This conventional robotic approach is widely used and has helped many men undergo prostate cancer surgery using smaller incisions compared with traditional open surgery. In many cases, this can mean less blood loss, reduced postoperative pain, and a shorter hospital stay.
However, because the operation involves working through the front support area of the pelvis, some of the tissues involved in urinary continence may be affected during surgery. That does not mean the conventional approach is outdated or ineffective. It remains a standard, well-established, and highly effective technique for treating prostate cancer.
Retzius-sparing robotic prostatectomy is simply a different surgical route that aims to preserve more of these front support structures in selected patients.
How Retzius-Sparing Robotic Surgery Is Different
Retzius-sparing robotic prostate surgery differs from the conventional robotic approach mainly in the route your surgeon uses to reach the prostate. Instead of approaching the prostate from the front of the pelvis, the surgeon approaches it from behind.
A 2023 review explained that Retzius-sparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy was first described by Galfano and colleagues in 2010 as a posterior approach through the Douglas space. In practical terms, this means your surgeon works behind the bladder and prostate rather than entering the front retropubic space, known as the space of Retzius.
By avoiding this front pelvic space, the operation may preserve more of the support structures around the bladder and urethra, including tissues and ligaments involved in urinary continence. This is one reason why the technique has gained attention for its potential to help some men recover urinary control earlier after surgery.
Importantly, the operation is still a radical prostatectomy. Your prostate gland is still completely removed as part of prostate cancer treatment. The main difference is the surgical pathway used to access the prostate, rather than the overall goal of the surgery itself.
Retzius-Sparing vs Conventional Robotic Prostate Surgery
| Feature | Conventional Robotic Prostate Surgery | Retzius-Sparing Robotic Prostate Surgery |
|---|---|---|
| Surgical approach | Front of pelvis (anterior approach) | Behind the bladder (posterior approach) |
| Space of Retzius | Entered during surgery | Preserved (mostly avoided) |
| Main goal | Remove prostate cancer safely | Remove prostate cancer safely |
| Urinary continence recovery | Standard recovery timeline | May allow earlier continence recovery in some patients |
| Pelvic support structures | May be partially disrupted | More structures may be preserved |
| Technical difficulty | Widely established | More technically demanding |
| Surgeon experience | Commonly performed | Requires specific expertise |
| Cancer control | Well established outcomes | Comparable in many cases, but depends on selection |
| Suitability | Most patients | Selected patients only |
Why Preserve the Space of Retzius?
The space of Retzius sits close to several important structures that help support your bladder and urethra. These tissues play an important role in urinary continence after prostate surgery.
Your urinary control after radical prostatectomy depends on several factors working together. These include the urinary sphincter, the length of urethra that can be preserved, pelvic support tissues, bladder neck support, nerve preservation, and how well the tissues heal after surgery. In general, the more of these natural support systems that can be preserved, the better the chance of earlier continence recovery for some patients.
This is one of the main reasons surgeons became interested in the Retzius-sparing approach. By avoiding the front retropubic space and preserving more of the anterior pelvic support structures, the operation may reduce disruption to the continence-support mechanism.
A 2026 review described Retzius-sparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy as a posterior surgical approach that bypasses anatomical structures associated with urinary incontinence, including the space of Retzius. That does not mean the operation guarantees perfect urinary control or completely removes the risk of leakage. However, research suggests it may help some men regain continence earlier after surgery compared with the conventional robotic approach.
What Happens During the Operation?
From your perspective as a patient, Retzius-sparing robotic prostate surgery may feel very similar to conventional robotic prostate surgery. The overall experience before and after the operation is often quite comparable.
The procedure is usually performed under general anaesthetic, so you are asleep throughout the surgery. Your surgeon makes several small cuts in the abdomen to place the robotic instruments and camera system that are used during the operation.
The main difference is the route your surgeon takes inside the pelvis. In the Retzius-sparing approach, the prostate is reached from behind the bladder rather than from the front of the pelvis. The prostate is then carefully separated from the surrounding structures and removed. After this, the bladder is reconnected to the urethra so urine can pass normally again once healing has taken place.
At the end of the operation, you will usually have a urinary catheter in place. This drains urine while the internal join between the bladder and urethra heals.
Although the internal surgical pathway is different from the standard robotic approach, you will not feel this difference during the operation itself. The distinction mainly relates to the anatomical route your surgeon uses to access and remove the prostate.
Is the Cancer Removed in the Same Way?
Yes, the overall goal of Retzius-sparing robotic prostate surgery is the same as conventional robotic prostatectomy: to remove the prostate cancer safely and effectively.
Retzius-sparing surgery is still a radical prostatectomy, which means your prostate gland is removed completely. In some cases, nearby tissues or lymph nodes may also be removed depending on the stage of the cancer and your treatment plan.
Cancer control remains the main priority during surgery. While preserving continence and supporting recovery are important goals, effective removal of the cancer always comes first.
Research comparing Retzius-sparing and conventional robotic prostatectomy has shown encouraging results for earlier urinary continence recovery in some patients who undergo the Retzius-sparing approach. However, some studies have also raised concerns about higher positive surgical margin rates in certain patient groups. A positive surgical margin means cancer cells are found at the edge of the removed tissue, which may affect follow-up planning or decisions about additional treatment.
This is one reason why surgeon experience and careful patient selection are so important. The technique involves balancing effective cancer removal with preservation of important pelvic support structures, and it may not be the right option for every individual case.
Potential Benefit: Earlier Urinary Control
The most widely discussed potential benefit of Retzius-sparing robotic prostate surgery is earlier recovery of urinary continence after prostate cancer surgery.
If you are considering prostate surgery, urinary leakage is probably one of the biggest concerns on your mind. Many men worry about needing pads, leaking urine when standing, coughing, or exercising, or losing confidence after the catheter is removed. Because of this, any technique that may help improve continence recovery naturally attracts a lot of attention.
The Retzius-sparing approach is designed to preserve more of the pelvic support structures involved in urinary control. By avoiding disruption of the front retropubic space and maintaining more of the natural bladder and urethral support system, the surgery may help some men regain continence sooner after the operation.
Several studies and systematic reviews have reported improved early continence outcomes with the Retzius-sparing approach. The 2022 MASTER meta-analysis found a significant advantage for immediate urinary continence recovery compared with conventional robotic prostatectomy.
That said, it is important to keep expectations realistic. This does not mean every patient becomes completely dry immediately after surgery. Recovery still varies from person to person. However, the current evidence suggests that, on average, some men may regain urinary control more quickly with the Retzius-sparing technique.
What Does “Early Continence” Mean?
Early continence generally means regaining bladder control soon after your catheter is removed or within the first few weeks after prostate surgery. You will often see this term used in research studies comparing different prostatectomy techniques, including Retzius-sparing robotic surgery.
One important thing to understand is that continence is not always defined in exactly the same way across studies. Some researchers define continence as using no pads at all, while others consider patients continent if they only use one small “safety pad” per day. Because of these differences, comparing results between studies is not always straightforward.
From your perspective as a patient, early continence usually means needing fewer pads, having less urinary leakage, and regaining confidence more quickly after surgery. This can make a major difference when returning to work, social activities, travel, exercise, and normal daily routines after prostate cancer treatment.
It is also important to keep expectations realistic. Although some studies show faster early continence recovery with Retzius-sparing surgery, longer-term continence results may become more similar between different surgical approaches over time.
That is why it is helpful to discuss expected continence recovery directly with your surgeon, including their personal experience and the outcomes they see in their own practice.
Does It Improve Erectile Function?
Retzius-sparing robotic prostate surgery is mainly discussed because of its potential to support earlier urinary continence recovery rather than as a guaranteed way to preserve erectile function.
Your erectile function after prostate cancer surgery depends on many different factors. These include your age, erectile function before surgery, overall blood vessel health, diabetes, smoking history, healing and recovery, and whether nerve-sparing surgery is possible.
The nerves responsible for erections run very close to the prostate. Whether these nerves can be safely preserved depends partly on where the cancer is located and how extensive it is. In some cases, cancer control may need to take priority over nerve preservation.
Research comparing Retzius-sparing and conventional robotic prostatectomy has not shown a clear overall advantage for erectile function recovery with the Retzius-sparing approach. The 2022 systematic review found no significant difference in erectile function preservation between Retzius-sparing robotic prostatectomy and the standard robotic technique.
Because of this, Retzius-sparing surgery should not be presented as a guaranteed way to avoid erectile dysfunction after prostate cancer treatment. If sexual function is an important concern for you, it is worth having a detailed discussion with your surgeon about nerve-sparing suitability, cancer safety, penile rehabilitation options, and realistic expectations for recovery after surgery.
Does It Reduce Recovery Time?
Retzius-sparing robotic prostate surgery may help some men regain urinary control earlier, but your overall recovery from prostate cancer surgery will still take time. It is important to remember that this is still a major operation involving removal of the prostate gland and reconstruction of the urinary tract.
After surgery, your bladder needs time to heal where it has been reconnected to the urethra. You will usually have a urinary catheter for a short period after the operation, and it is common to experience tiredness, abdominal discomfort, bloating, or reduced stamina during the early stages of recovery.
You are also likely to be advised to avoid heavy lifting, strenuous exercise, cycling, and sexual activity until your surgical team is confident that healing is progressing safely. Recovery advice can vary depending on your individual situation and the extent of surgery performed.
While the Retzius-sparing approach may influence certain parts of recovery, particularly early continence outcomes, it does not remove the need for proper healing time after surgery. In practical terms, you should still expect recovery to be gradual and follow your medical team’s advice carefully throughout the healing process.
Will You Still Need a Catheter?
Yes, most patients will still need a urinary catheter after Retzius-sparing robotic prostate surgery. The catheter drains urine from the bladder while the connection between the bladder and urethra heals after the prostate has been removed.
The catheter usually stays in place for a short period, although the exact timing depends on your surgeon’s protocol and your individual recovery. While it can feel uncomfortable or inconvenient, it is normally temporary and forms a routine part of recovery after radical prostatectomy.
Your medical team should explain how to care for the catheter safely, including how to empty the drainage bag and avoid pulling on the tube. You should seek medical advice if the catheter stops draining, falls out, causes severe pain, or if you develop fever or worsening lower abdominal pain.
Is Retzius-Sparing Surgery Suitable for Everyone?
No, Retzius-sparing robotic prostate surgery is not suitable for every patient. Whether the technique is appropriate can depend on several factors, including the location and extent of the cancer, prostate size, previous abdominal or pelvic surgery, individual anatomy, body habitus, and whether lymph node removal or nerve-sparing surgery is required.
In some situations, a conventional robotic approach may provide safer access or better cancer control. Certain patients may also have anatomical features or surgical history that make the posterior Retzius-sparing route technically more difficult or less appropriate.
Because of this, the most important question is not simply whether Retzius-sparing surgery is “better.” The more useful question is whether it is a safe and suitable option for your specific cancer, anatomy, and treatment goals. Careful assessment and discussion with an experienced prostate cancer surgeon are essential before deciding which surgical approach is most appropriate.
Surgeon Experience Matters
Retzius-sparing robotic prostate surgery is considered a technically demanding procedure. Because the surgeon approaches the prostate through a different anatomical route, the operation requires specific training, experience, and familiarity with the technique.
As with many advanced surgical procedures, outcomes can depend heavily on surgeon experience. This is particularly important for Retzius-sparing prostatectomy because it is less commonly performed than conventional robot-assisted radical prostatectomy in many centres.
If you are considering Retzius-sparing surgery, it is entirely reasonable to ask your surgeon how frequently they perform the procedure, which patients they consider suitable candidates, and what outcomes they see in their own practice regarding urinary continence and cancer control. These are sensible and practical questions that can help you make a more informed treatment decision.
Retzius-Sparing Surgery and Positive Margins
One issue discussed in the research is positive surgical margin risk. A positive margin means cancer cells are found at the edge of the removed tissue. This can sometimes suggest that cancer may have been close to the cut edge.
It does not automatically mean treatment has failed, but it may influence PSA follow-up or the need for additional treatment. The 2022 MASTER systematic review found improved immediate continence recovery with Retzius-sparing surgery, but reported higher positive surgical margins in the Retzius-sparing group.
This is why the potential functional benefit must be balanced against cancer-control considerations. Your surgeon should explain whether your cancer location and stage make this approach appropriate.
How It Compares With Conventional Robotic Surgery
Both conventional robotic prostatectomy and Retzius-sparing robotic prostatectomy are designed to remove your prostate cancer effectively. Both procedures use robotic instruments and are performed through small abdominal incisions.
The main difference is the route your surgeon takes to reach the prostate. In conventional robotic surgery, the surgeon usually approaches the prostate from the front of the pelvis and enters the space of Retzius. In Retzius-sparing surgery, the prostate is approached from behind, with the aim of preserving that front support space and the tissues involved in urinary continence.
The main potential advantage of the Retzius-sparing approach is earlier recovery of urinary control after surgery for some men. However, the technique can also be more technically challenging and may not be suitable for every patient or every type of prostate cancer.
Conventional robotic prostate surgery remains widely used, well established, and very effective. For many men, it continues to be an excellent treatment option. The best approach for you depends on factors such as your cancer, prostate anatomy, continence priorities, and your surgeon’s experience with the technique.
What Are the Possible Side Effects?
Retzius-sparing surgery can still have side effects. These may include urinary leakage, erectile dysfunction, orgasm changes, infertility, bleeding, infection, pain, catheter discomfort, blood clots, bowel issues, wound problems, or the need for further treatment.
Because the prostate and seminal vesicles are removed during radical prostatectomy, you will no longer ejaculate semen, and natural fertility is affected. Even if continence recovery is faster, leakage may still happen after catheter removal.
Even if nerve-sparing is performed, erections may still take time to recover or may not fully return. So, it is important to understand the technique as a potential improvement, not a guarantee.
What About Fertility and Ejaculation?
After radical prostatectomy, including Retzius-sparing surgery, you will not ejaculate semen. This means you cannot make someone pregnant naturally through sex after the operation. You may still be able to have an orgasm, but it will be a dry orgasm.
If fertility is important to you, sperm storage should be discussed before surgery. This conversation needs to happen before treatment begins, because fertility changes after prostate removal are usually permanent. It may feel awkward to bring up, but it is an important part of planning prostate cancer treatment.
What Happens After Surgery?
After surgery, you will be monitored as you recover from anaesthetic. You may have a catheter, small abdominal wounds, and some discomfort. Your team will usually encourage gentle walking to reduce stiffness and support circulation.
You may be given instructions about pain relief, wound care, catheter care, fluids, bowel habits, and activity restrictions. Once the catheter is removed, your team will assess how well you can pass urine. Even with Retzius-sparing surgery, you may still need pelvic floor exercises and recovery support.
Pelvic Floor Exercises Still Matter
Some men assume that a continence-preserving technique means pelvic floor exercises are not needed. That is not a safe assumption. Pelvic floor exercises can still support bladder control after prostate surgery.
Your surgeon or nurse may teach you these exercises before or after surgery, depending on local practice. The key is doing them correctly. Squeezing your stomach, thighs, or buttocks is not the same as contracting the pelvic floor. If you are unsure, ask for guidance from a specialist nurse or pelvic health physiotherapist.
How Soon Can You Return to Normal Activities?
Your return to normal activities depends on your recovery and your surgeon’s advice. You may be encouraged to walk gently soon after surgery, but you will usually need to avoid heavy lifting and strenuous exercise for a period.
Driving, work, gym activity, cycling, and sex should only be resumed when your team says it is safe. Desk-based work may be possible sooner than physically demanding work, but tiredness, catheter care, pad use, and follow-up appointments may affect timing. Do not judge your recovery only by the small size of the skin cuts. Inside, your body is still healing from major surgery.
Who Might Benefit Most?
Patients most likely to benefit may be those who are suitable for prostate cancer surgery and whose cancer can be safely treated through the Retzius-sparing route. Men who are very concerned about early urinary control may be particularly interested in this technique.
However, suitability depends on individual cancer features and surgical judgement. It may not be recommended if the cancer location, stage, prostate anatomy, previous surgery, or other factors make a conventional approach safer. The most important thing is personalised advice. A technique is only beneficial if it is appropriate for your situation.
Why the Name Sounds Complicated
The name “Retzius-sparing robotic prostate surgery” sounds very technical, but the basic idea is actually quite straightforward. “Robotic” means your surgeon uses a robotic surgical system to perform the operation through several small cuts in the abdomen. “Prostate surgery” means the prostate gland is removed as part of prostate cancer treatment.
The term “Retzius-sparing” simply means the surgeon tries to avoid disturbing the space of Retzius at the front of the pelvis as much as possible. So, in plain English, this is a robotic prostate cancer operation where the prostate is removed using a different surgical route in order to preserve more of the natural support structures involved in urinary control.
Is It Better Than Standard Robotic Surgery?
It may be better for some patients in some ways, especially early continence recovery. But it is not automatically better for everyone. The best approach depends on cancer control, surgeon experience, anatomy, side-effect priorities, and your overall health.
A conventional robotic prostatectomy performed very well may be a better choice for some men than a Retzius-sparing procedure performed in a case where it is not ideal. That is why you should avoid choosing surgery based only on the name of the technique. Choose based on suitability, safety, evidence, and your surgeon’s experience.
Speak to Our Specialist
If you have been diagnosed with prostate cancer and are exploring surgery, you may want to ask whether Retzius-sparing robotic prostate surgery is suitable for you. A specialist can review your PSA, MRI, biopsy results, cancer stage, prostate size, symptoms, general health, and personal priorities.
They can explain whether a conventional robotic approach or Retzius-sparing approach is more appropriate in your case. You may also want to discuss urinary control, erectile function, catheter time, recovery, and long-term cancer monitoring. The right decision should be based on your cancer and your life, not just on a surgical label.
FAQs
1. What is Retzius-sparing robotic prostate surgery?
Retzius-sparing robotic prostate surgery is a specialised form of robotic prostate cancer surgery where the prostate is removed using a posterior approach from behind the bladder rather than the traditional front approach. The aim is to preserve more of the pelvic support structures involved in urinary continence.
2. How is Retzius-sparing surgery different from standard robotic prostatectomy?
The main difference is the surgical route used to reach the prostate. Conventional robotic prostatectomy approaches the prostate from the front of the pelvis through the space of Retzius, while Retzius-sparing surgery avoids this area as much as possible by approaching from behind.
3. Does Retzius-sparing surgery improve urinary continence recovery?
Research suggests that some men may regain urinary control earlier after Retzius-sparing robotic prostatectomy compared with conventional robotic surgery. However, continence recovery still varies between individuals, and no technique can guarantee immediate dryness after surgery.
4. Is Retzius-sparing robotic prostate surgery suitable for everyone?
No. Suitability depends on factors such as cancer location, tumour stage, prostate anatomy, previous surgery, overall health, and whether nerve-sparing or lymph node removal is needed. Some patients may be better suited to a conventional robotic approach.
5. Does Retzius-sparing surgery remove the cancer as effectively?
The goal of Retzius-sparing surgery is still complete prostate cancer removal. However, some studies have reported higher positive surgical margin rates in selected patients, which is why careful patient selection and surgeon experience are important.
6. Will I still need a catheter after Retzius-sparing prostate surgery?
Yes. Most patients still need a urinary catheter for a short period after surgery while the connection between the bladder and urethra heals properly.
7. Can Retzius-sparing surgery prevent erectile dysfunction?
No surgical technique can guarantee preservation of erectile function after prostate cancer surgery. Erectile recovery depends on factors such as age, baseline erections, nerve-sparing suitability, vascular health, and cancer extent. Current research has not shown a clear overall erectile function advantage with the Retzius-sparing approach.
8. What are the possible side effects of Retzius-sparing robotic prostatectomy?
Possible side effects include urinary leakage, erectile dysfunction, dry orgasm, infertility, bleeding, infection, catheter discomfort, pain, blood clots, bowel problems, and the potential need for further treatment depending on cancer results.
9. Why is surgeon experience important with Retzius-sparing surgery?
Retzius-sparing robotic prostatectomy is technically demanding and requires specific training and familiarity with the posterior surgical approach. Outcomes related to continence recovery and cancer control can depend heavily on surgeon experience with the technique.
10. Is Retzius-sparing robotic prostate surgery better than conventional robotic surgery?
Not necessarily. Retzius-sparing surgery may offer earlier continence recovery for some men, but it is not automatically the best option for every patient. The most appropriate approach depends on cancer control, anatomy, surgeon expertise, and your personal treatment priorities.
Final Thoughts: Understanding Whether Retzius-Sparing Robotic Prostate Surgery Is Right for You
Retzius-sparing robotic prostate surgery is an advanced variation of robotic prostate cancer surgery that aims to preserve more of the natural pelvic support structures involved in urinary continence. By approaching the prostate from behind rather than through the front retropubic space, the technique may help some men regain urinary control earlier after surgery compared with the conventional robotic approach.
However, it is important to remember that no single surgical technique is automatically the best option for every patient. Cancer control, surgeon experience, prostate anatomy, tumour location, overall health, and your personal recovery priorities all play an important role when deciding which type of surgery is most appropriate.
Although research suggests potential benefits for early continence recovery, Retzius-sparing surgery still carries risks and possible side effects, including urinary leakage, erectile dysfunction, infertility, and the possibility of positive surgical margins in selected cases. That is why careful patient selection and treatment planning remain essential. If you are considering retzius-sparing robotic prostate surgery in London, you can get in touch with us to arrange a consultation.
References:
- Xu, B., Xu, H. and Yin, L. (2021) Comparison of Retzius-Sparing Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy vs. Conventional Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy: An Up-to-Date Meta-Analysis, Frontiers in Oncology, 11, Article 680842. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34660680/
- Eden, C.G. and Gupta, A. (2023) Retzius-sparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: current evidence, outcomes and future perspectives, Current Oncology, 30(2), pp. 1458–1472. Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/30/3/261
- Dalela, D., Jeong, W., Prasad, M.A., Sood, A., Abdollah, F., Diaz, M., Simone, A., Schatloff, O., Samavedi, S., Menon, M. and Kaul, S. (2017) A pragmatic randomised controlled trial examining the impact of Retzius-sparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy on early urinary continence recovery, European Urology, 72(5), pp. 677–685. Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7398331/
- Menon, M., Dalela, D., Jamil, M., Diaz, M., Tallman, C., Abdollah, F., Sood, A., Jeong, W. and Kaul, S. (2021) Retzius-sparing Robot-assisted Radical Prostatectomy Leads to Durable Improvement in Urinary Function and Quality of Life Versus Standard Robot-assisted Radical Prostatectomy Without Compromise on Oncologic Efficacy, European Urology, 79(6), pp. 839–857. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S030228382030350X
- Checcucci, E., Veccia, A., Fiori, C., Amparore, D., Manfredi, M., Di Dio, M., Autorino, R. and Porpiglia, F. (2022) Retzius Sparing Radical Prostatectomy Versus Robot-assisted Radical Prostatectomy: Which Technique Is More Beneficial for Prostate Cancer Patients (MASTER Study)? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis, European Urology Focus, 8(4), pp. 1060–1071. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2405456921002182