Having heart disease does not automatically mean that you cannot have prostate cancer surgery. Many men being assessed for prostate cancer treatment also have cardiovascular conditions, and the decision about surgery is usually based on how stable your heart condition is, your overall health, and the expected benefits of treating the cancer.
Because prostate removal is major surgery performed under general anaesthesia, your medical team needs to understand how well your heart is functioning and whether any additional precautions are necessary. Modern peri-operative assessment uses a stepwise approach that considers your cardiac history, current symptoms, functional capacity, the planned operation, and whether additional investigations would change management.
For some men, surgery can proceed with normal precautions or additional monitoring. For others, a cardiology review, changes to medicines, further investigations, or treatment of an unstable heart condition may be needed before prostate cancer surgery is considered safe.
Why Heart Health Matters Before Prostate Surgery
Major surgery and anaesthesia can place additional demands on the cardiovascular system through changes in heart rate, blood pressure, fluid balance, oxygen demand and the body’s stress response. This is why your cardiovascular health forms an important part of pre-operative planning.
The medical team wants to understand whether your heart can cope safely with the operation and early recovery period. They will consider both your known diagnosis and whether you have symptoms suggesting that your condition has changed recently.
Having a heart condition on your medical record does not automatically make surgery unsafe. The type of condition, its severity, how well it is controlled, and your current level of activity are often more informative than the diagnosis alone.
What Types of Heart Disease May Affect Planning?
Heart disease includes a wide range of conditions rather than one single problem. You may have coronary artery disease, previous heart attack, heart failure, valve disease, an abnormal heart rhythm, high blood pressure, or a history of cardiac procedures.
Different conditions create different questions before surgery. For example, a stable rhythm problem may require a different approach from worsening heart failure symptoms or severe symptomatic valve disease.
Your doctors will therefore assess your particular condition rather than applying one rule to everyone with heart disease. Current peri-operative cardiovascular guidance recommends integrating clinical risk factors, test findings, and the stress of the planned non-cardiac operation.
Heart Conditions and Questions Before Prostate Cancer Surgery
| Heart condition or history | What the team may assess | How it may affect planning |
| Coronary artery disease or angina | Symptoms, stability, functional capacity and recent investigations | Stable disease may allow surgery to proceed; new or worsening symptoms may need assessment first |
| Previous heart attack | Timing, recovery, ongoing symptoms and current treatment | Additional review or delay may be needed depending on current risk |
| Heart failure | Symptoms, recent deterioration, fluid retention and cardiac function | Treatment may need optimisation before elective surgery |
| Heart valve disease | Severity, symptoms and recent echocardiography | Significant symptomatic disease may require specialist assessment |
| Atrial fibrillation or another arrhythmia | Rhythm control, symptoms and anticoagulation | Medication and monitoring plans may need adjustment |
| Coronary stent | Timing of insertion and antiplatelet treatment | Requires careful coordination around antiplatelet interruption |
| High blood pressure | Pattern of readings and overall cardiovascular health | Poorly controlled hypertension may need attention before surgery |
| Limited exercise capacity | Ability to manage normal daily activity | May influence risk assessment and need for further evaluation |
Stable Heart Disease Versus Unstable Symptoms
One of the most important questions is whether your heart condition is stable. If your symptoms and treatment have remained consistent, your assessment may be very different from that of someone experiencing new or worsening cardiac symptoms.
New chest pain, increasing breathlessness, fainting, rapidly worsening ankle swelling, or a major reduction in exercise ability should be reported before surgery. These symptoms may require investigation before an elective operation proceeds.
Do not minimise symptoms because you are worried that mentioning them will delay cancer treatment. Identifying a genuine cardiac problem before surgery can allow it to be assessed and managed more safely.
The Importance of Your Pre-Operative Assessment
Before prostate cancer surgery, you will usually undergo a pre-operative assessment. This gives the team an opportunity to review your heart history, general medical health, medicines, allergies, previous operations, and previous experiences with anaesthesia.
The investigations offered are selected according to the type of surgery, your age, your health conditions, and clinical judgement. NICE guidance considers whether tests such as ECG, blood count, kidney function testing and selected echocardiography are appropriate according to the planned surgery and the patient’s individual health rather than recommending every test routinely for everyone.
Bring accurate information to the appointment, including details of previous heart procedures and an up-to-date medicine list. Complete information can help prevent avoidable confusion or medication errors around the time of surgery.
Evidence Note:
Modern peri-operative cardiovascular assessment is based on a stepwise process rather than automatically sending every patient with heart disease for extensive cardiac testing. The ESC recommends combining information about the patient’s cardiovascular condition, symptoms, functional capacity, clinical risk factors, planned operation and medication-related risks. For you, this means that the purpose of pre-operative assessment is not to find reasons to cancel surgery. It is to identify modifiable risks, decide whether further investigation would genuinely change management and create the safest possible treatment plan.
Why Your Symptoms Matter as Much as Your Diagnosis
A diagnosis written in your medical history does not always show how your heart is functioning today. This is why the team will ask how you feel during normal activities.
You may be asked whether you become breathless while walking, climbing stairs, carrying shopping, or performing everyday tasks. Your ability to manage activity gives clinicians useful information about your functional capacity.
Be realistic when describing what you can do. Overestimating your fitness does not make surgery safer, while clearly explaining your actual limitations helps your team plan appropriately.
Will You Need an ECG?
An electrocardiogram, usually called an ECG, records the electrical activity of your heart. It may identify rhythm problems, conduction changes, or patterns that need further consideration.
Whether you need an ECG depends on factors including the planned operation and your cardiovascular health. NICE pre-operative testing guidance uses the grade of surgery and the presence of cardiovascular, renal, or diabetes-related conditions when considering ECG testing.
An abnormal ECG does not necessarily mean your surgery will be cancelled. The result may simply lead to further review, comparison with previous ECGs, or discussion with the anaesthetic team.
Will You Need an Echocardiogram?
An echocardiogram uses ultrasound to assess the structure and function of the heart. It can provide information about heart pumping function and the condition of the heart valves.
It is not automatically required for every patient with heart disease. NICE guidance advises against routine resting echocardiography before surgery and recommends selective use when clinical findings indicate that further assessment may be useful.
Your team may request an echocardiogram when there are relevant symptoms, examination findings, or an unresolved question about heart function. The purpose is to obtain information that may change how surgery or anaesthesia is planned.
UK Guidance Note: Not Every Patient Needs Every Heart Test
NICE does not recommend routine resting echocardiography before elective surgery. It advises considering an echocardiogram when a person has a heart murmur together with cardiac symptoms such as breathlessness, pre-syncope, fainting or chest pain, or when there are signs or symptoms of heart failure. NICE also recommends performing an ECG and discussing the findings with an anaesthetist before ordering the resting echocardiogram in these circumstances.
When a Cardiologist May Be Involved
Some men can be assessed adequately through the surgical and anaesthetic pathway without a separate cardiology appointment. Others may benefit from specialist cardiac review before surgery.
A cardiologist may be involved when your heart condition is complex, symptoms have changed, recent investigations are concerning, or decisions about cardiac medicines need specialist input. The review may also be useful when the balance between cardiac risk and the timing of cancer treatment is difficult.
The purpose of cardiology involvement is not automatically to prevent surgery. It is to clarify risk, optimise treatment where necessary, and help the wider team decide on the safest pathway.
Heart Attack History and Prostate Surgery
A previous heart attack is an important part of your medical history, but it does not necessarily mean prostate cancer surgery is permanently impossible. Your team will want to know when the heart attack occurred, what treatment you received, and how stable you have been since.
They will also review whether you have ongoing chest pain, reduced heart function, limited exercise tolerance, or other cardiovascular concerns. The timing and nature of previous cardiac treatment can influence planning.
This is a situation where individualised assessment is essential. Cardiovascular guidance for non-cardiac surgery recommends stepwise evaluation based on clinical risk, patient condition, and the stress of the planned procedure.
Angina and Surgical Planning
Angina usually causes chest discomfort related to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. If your angina is stable and well managed, the planning process may differ considerably from that for new, worsening, or unpredictable symptoms.
Tell your team exactly when symptoms happen, how often they occur, and whether the pattern has changed. You should also explain what medicines you use when symptoms develop.
New or unstable chest symptoms need medical assessment rather than being ignored until the operation date. The safest plan depends on understanding whether the heart condition is currently controlled.
Heart Failure and Prostate Cancer Surgery
Heart failure means the heart is not pumping or filling as effectively as it should, but the condition varies widely in severity. Some people are stable on treatment and remain active, while others have significant breathlessness, fluid retention, or repeated hospital admissions.
Your team will consider current symptoms, recent changes, medications, previous investigations, and how well you manage physical activity. They may need specialist cardiac input before making a final decision about surgery.
The presence of heart failure does not create one automatic answer for every patient. The decision depends on whether the condition is stable enough and whether the expected benefits of surgery justify the individual peri-operative risk.
Heart Valve Disease and Surgery
Heart valve disease can range from mild abnormalities with few symptoms to severe disease that significantly affects circulation. The importance of the condition before surgery depends on which valve is affected and how severe the problem is.
Symptoms such as breathlessness, chest pain, fainting, or reduced exercise tolerance may lead to further assessment. NICE recommends echocardiographic assessment in selected people with suspected valve disease, based on factors such as the murmur, symptoms, signs, medical history and ECG findings.
If you already attend a valve clinic or cardiology service, tell your prostate cancer team. Recent heart investigations may be useful when planning anaesthesia and deciding whether additional testing is necessary.
Abnormal Heart Rhythms
Heart rhythm problems include several different conditions, from relatively minor irregularities to rhythms that need careful medical management. Atrial fibrillation is one example that may be relevant to surgery planning.
The team will review whether your rhythm is controlled, whether you have symptoms, and whether you take medicines to control heart rate or reduce clot risk. Blood-thinning treatment often requires particularly careful planning.
Do not stop rhythm medicines or anticoagulants on your own. Changes around surgery should follow a clear plan from the clinicians responsible for your treatment.
Why Blood Pressure Control Matters
High blood pressure is common and can exist alongside both heart disease and prostate cancer. Your blood pressure will usually be checked during pre-operative assessment and during your hospital care.
One isolated reading can be influenced by anxiety, but persistently poor control may need attention before major surgery. Your team will consider the pattern of readings and your wider cardiovascular health.
Continue taking medicines according to the instructions provided by your clinical team. Some medicines may be managed differently around the day of surgery, so you need clear individual advice.
Managing Blood-Thinning Medicines
Many men with heart disease take anticoagulant or antiplatelet medicines. These treatments reduce clotting risk but can also increase the risk of bleeding during surgery.
The decision about stopping and restarting them depends on why you take the medicine, your risk of clotting, and the bleeding risk associated with the procedure. European peri-operative guidance specifically considers the balance between surgical stress and risks associated with interruption of cardiovascular medicines.
Never create your own schedule for stopping these medicines. Your surgeon, anaesthetist, cardiologist, or anticoagulation team should give you a clear plan.
Clinical Tip: Never Create Your Own Blood-Thinner Schedule
Anticoagulant and antiplatelet medicines require an individual plan before surgery. The decision depends on why you take the medicine, your risk of a blood clot, the bleeding risk of surgery and factors such as recent coronary intervention. NICE guidance also states that when anticoagulant treatment needs modification before surgery, an individualised plan should be made in line with appropriate guidance.
What If You Have a Coronary Stent?
If you have a coronary stent, tell the surgical team exactly when it was inserted if you know. The timing of the procedure and the medicines you take afterwards can affect planning for another operation.
Antiplatelet medicines after coronary intervention require careful consideration before surgery. Stopping treatment inappropriately can create risk, while continuing it may influence bleeding risk.
This decision needs coordination between relevant specialists rather than general advice. Bring any available information about your previous cardiac procedure and current medication to your assessment.
Why Kidney Function May Also Be Checked
Heart disease and kidney health are often considered together during surgical assessment. Some cardiovascular medicines, fluid management decisions, and anaesthetic plans can be influenced by kidney function.
NICE pre-operative testing guidance includes kidney function testing in selected patients according to surgical grade and health conditions.
A blood test can provide information about creatinine, electrolytes, and estimated kidney function. Your team uses this information as one part of the wider safety assessment.
How the Anaesthetist Assesses Cardiac Risk
The anaesthetist has an important role in deciding how your heart condition may affect the operation. They review your medical history, current symptoms, medicines, previous anaesthetic problems, examination findings, and available test results.
They also consider how anaesthesia, surgical positioning, fluid shifts, and recovery may affect your cardiovascular system. The aim is to anticipate risk and plan monitoring and treatment appropriately.
Robotic radical prostatectomy is major surgery performed under general anaesthesia. NHS patient information for robotic prostatectomy describes it as a major operation carried out while you are asleep under general anaesthetic.
Research Insight: Risk Assessment Can Be Procedure-Specific
A study by Ayoub and colleagues used a national dataset of 17,299 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy, among whom 73 experienced a major cardiovascular event within 30 days. The researchers developed a prostatectomy-specific risk index and found that procedure-specific assessment could improve cardiovascular risk prediction compared with general tools in this surgical population. For patients, the important point is not the crude event number alone, because surgical populations are highly selected. The study instead reinforces why your own medical history, cardiovascular health and operation need to be assessed together.
Why Robotic Surgery Positioning Matters
During robotic prostate surgery, the operating team needs to position you so the surgeon can access the prostate safely. This positioning and the use of keyhole surgery techniques can affect breathing and circulation during the procedure.
For most suitable patients, these changes are managed by the anaesthetic team throughout the operation. If you have significant cardiac or respiratory disease, the team may consider your ability to tolerate the planned procedure more carefully.
You do not need to understand the technical details of surgical positioning before the operation. However, it is reasonable to ask whether your heart or lung condition creates any specific anaesthetic considerations.
Monitoring During the Operation
During general anaesthesia, your heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen level, and other physiological measurements are monitored continuously. The anaesthetic team uses this information to respond to changes during the procedure.
The exact level of monitoring depends on your health and the complexity of the operation. A patient with significant cardiovascular disease may need additional monitoring compared with someone without major medical conditions.
The monitoring plan is personalised rather than identical for every patient. This is one reason accurate pre-operative assessment is so important.
Can Surgery Be Delayed Because of Heart Disease?
Yes, prostate cancer surgery may sometimes be delayed when a cardiovascular condition needs investigation or stabilisation first. This decision is based on your safety and the urgency and characteristics of the cancer.
A delay does not necessarily mean surgery has been permanently ruled out. It may provide time to investigate symptoms, adjust treatment, or allow recovery from a recent cardiovascular event.
The prostate cancer and cardiac teams may need to balance both conditions carefully. The aim is to avoid unnecessary delay while also avoiding major elective surgery when cardiovascular risk is temporarily unacceptable.
Could Another Prostate Cancer Treatment Be Recommended?
Surgery is only one possible approach to prostate cancer treatment. Depending on the cancer and your overall health, another treatment or monitoring strategy may be more suitable.
If your cardiac risk is considered too high for surgery, your specialist can discuss whether radiotherapy, hormone treatment, active surveillance, watchful waiting, or another pathway is appropriate. The right alternative depends on the cancer characteristics and your personal situation.
Being advised against surgery does not mean you have been denied cancer care. It means the team is trying to choose a treatment pathway that provides an appropriate balance of cancer control and overall safety.
Improving Fitness Before Surgery
If your doctors consider exercise safe for you, maintaining or gradually improving physical activity before surgery may support general fitness and recovery. The appropriate level depends on your cardiovascular condition and current exercise capacity.
The British Heart Foundation advises people preparing for surgery to stay physically active within the limits of their condition and to seek medical advice about appropriate activity.
Do not suddenly begin intense exercise because surgery is approaching. A gradual plan that respects cardiac symptoms and medical advice is safer than pushing yourself beyond your normal capacity.
Smoking and Cardiovascular Risk
If you smoke, the period before surgery is an important time to discuss stopping with your healthcare team. Smoking affects cardiovascular health, breathing, circulation, and wound healing.
Stopping can be difficult, especially while coping with a cancer diagnosis and the stress of planned surgery. Asking for professional support may be more effective than trying to manage the process entirely alone.
The aim is not to judge you. Reducing avoidable cardiovascular and respiratory stress can help your body approach major surgery in a better condition.
Taking Heart Medicines Correctly
Continue taking prescribed heart medicines according to your clinical team’s instructions while waiting for surgery. Keeping your condition well controlled is an important part of preparation.
The British Heart Foundation advises taking prescribed heart medicines while awaiting surgery. Instructions for the day of surgery may differ, so follow the individual plan given by your clinical team.
Some medicines may need a specific adjustment around the operation itself. Make sure you know exactly which medicines to take on the morning of surgery and which should be temporarily withheld.
Recovery After Prostate Surgery With Heart Disease
Your early recovery plan may be adjusted according to your cardiovascular health. The team will monitor your circulation, breathing, pain, urine output, mobility, and general recovery before deciding when discharge is appropriate.
Gentle movement is usually encouraged when medically safe because prolonged immobility can increase the risk of complications such as blood clots. NHS robotic prostatectomy information also highlights postoperative clot risk and the importance of recovery precautions following surgery and anaesthesia.
Do not compare your recovery speed with that of another patient. Your heart condition, age, fitness, cancer operation, and other health factors may all influence how quickly you regain energy.
Recognising Cardiac Symptoms During Recovery
After discharge, follow the recovery instructions given by your surgical and cardiac teams. Mild tiredness after major surgery can be expected, but new severe symptoms should not be dismissed as normal recovery.
Seek urgent medical assessment for symptoms such as severe chest pain, sudden significant breathlessness, fainting, or other signs your team has told you require urgent attention. You should also contact your clinicians if previously stable cardiac symptoms become noticeably worse.
Before leaving hospital, make sure you know who to contact for surgical concerns and who manages your heart condition. Clear contact arrangements can make it easier to respond appropriately if a problem develops.
Choosing a Team for Complex Surgical Planning
When prostate cancer and heart disease need to be considered together, good communication between specialists is especially important. Your urologist, anaesthetist, cardiologist, GP, and other clinicians may each contribute information to the decision.
If you are considering specialist care for prostate cancer surgery in London, ask how your cardiovascular history will be assessed before a treatment decision is finalised. A useful consultation should explain whether surgery appears appropriate, whether further cardiac review is needed, and what alternatives exist if the risk is considered too high.
Having heart disease does not lead to the same answer for every man. The safest decision comes from assessing the seriousness of the prostate cancer, the stability of your cardiovascular condition, your overall health, and the likely benefits and risks of the available treatment options.
Myth vs Fact:
| Myth | Fact |
| Heart disease automatically means prostate surgery is impossible. | Many patients with stable cardiovascular disease can still be considered for surgery after individual assessment. |
| Every patient with heart disease needs an echocardiogram. | NICE recommends selective rather than routine pre-operative echocardiography. |
| An abnormal ECG automatically cancels surgery. | An abnormal ECG may lead to comparison with previous results, anaesthetic review or further assessment, depending on the finding. |
| A previous heart attack means surgery can never be performed. | Timing, recovery, current symptoms and overall cardiovascular stability all matter. |
| Blood thinners should simply be stopped before surgery. | Stopping and restarting treatment requires an individualised clinical plan. |
| A cardiology referral means surgery has been ruled out. | Cardiology input may help clarify risk and optimise treatment before surgery. |
| Non-surgical prostate cancer treatment has no cardiovascular implications. | Some systemic prostate cancer therapies can affect cardiovascular risk factors and require appropriate monitoring. |
| Being able to walk short distances means the heart is definitely fit for surgery. | Functional capacity is useful information, but it is only one part of a broader assessment. |
Key Takeaways:
- Heart disease does not automatically prevent you from having prostate cancer surgery.
- The stability and severity of your cardiovascular condition are more informative than the diagnosis alone.
- New chest pain, worsening breathlessness, fainting or a significant decline in exercise ability should be reported before elective surgery.
- Pre-operative cardiac testing should be targeted to your individual risk rather than performed routinely without a clear reason.
- NICE does not recommend routine echocardiography for every surgical patient with heart disease.
- Blood-thinning medicines should never be stopped or restarted without a personalised clinical plan.
- Previous heart attack, heart failure, valve disease, arrhythmias and coronary stents each require different considerations.
- Your anaesthetist plays an important role in assessing cardiovascular risk and planning monitoring during surgery.
- If surgery is not considered the safest option, other prostate cancer treatments may be discussed, but their wider health implications should also be considered.
- The final decision should balance cancer control, cardiovascular stability, overall health, life expectancy and personal preferences.
FAQs:
1. Can you have prostate cancer surgery if you have heart disease?
Yes, many men with heart disease can still have prostate cancer surgery. Having a cardiovascular condition does not automatically prevent surgery, but your medical team will assess how stable your heart condition is, your overall health, your symptoms, and whether the benefits of treating the cancer outweigh the potential risks.
2. Does heart disease increase the risks of prostate cancer surgery?
Heart disease can increase certain risks during and after prostate cancer surgery because your heart has to cope with the effects of anaesthesia, fluid changes, and the physical stress of a major operation. However, the level of risk depends on the type of heart condition, how well it is controlled, and your current health.
3. Will you need a cardiologist before prostate cancer surgery?
Not everyone with heart disease needs a cardiology review before prostate surgery. However, you may be referred to a cardiologist if your symptoms have changed, your heart condition is complex, recent tests show concerns, or your surgical team needs specialist advice to plan the safest approach.
4. Do you need an ECG before prostate surgery if you have heart disease?
You may need an ECG as part of your pre-operative assessment, depending on your cardiovascular history, the type of surgery planned, and your overall health. An ECG helps doctors assess your heart rhythm and electrical activity, but an abnormal result does not always mean surgery cannot proceed.
5. Can you have prostate cancer surgery after a previous heart attack?
Yes, a previous heart attack does not automatically mean you cannot have prostate cancer surgery. Your doctors will consider when the heart attack happened, what treatment you received, how well your heart has recovered, and whether you have any ongoing symptoms before deciding if surgery is appropriate.
6. Should you stop blood-thinning medicines before prostate surgery?
You should not stop blood-thinning medicines without medical advice. Your doctors will carefully plan whether these medicines need to be adjusted because stopping anticoagulant or antiplatelet treatment can increase thrombotic risk in some patients, while continuing treatment may increase surgical bleeding risk. Any changes should follow an individual clinical plan.
7. Can prostate cancer surgery be delayed because of heart disease?
Prostate cancer surgery may sometimes be delayed if your heart condition requires further assessment, optimisation or treatment first. This delay is usually intended to improve safety and does not necessarily mean that surgery will no longer be possible.
8. Are there other prostate cancer treatments if surgery is too risky because of heart disease?
Yes, depending on your cancer type, stage, and overall health, your specialist may discuss alternatives such as radiotherapy, hormone treatment, active surveillance, or watchful waiting. The aim is to choose a treatment plan that balances cancer control with your overall safety.
9. How can you improve your heart health before prostate cancer surgery?
You can support your preparation by taking your prescribed medicines correctly, staying active within safe limits, following a healthy lifestyle, and discussing issues such as smoking or blood pressure control with your healthcare team. Any exercise changes should be appropriate for your heart condition.
10. What should you ask your doctor before prostate cancer surgery if you have heart disease?
You may want to ask whether your heart condition is stable, whether you need additional tests, how your medicines will be managed, whether you need cardiology input, and what alternatives are available if surgery is considered too risky. These discussions can help you understand your options and make informed decisions about your treatment.
Final Thoughts: Planning Prostate Cancer Surgery with Your Heart Health in Mind
Having heart disease does not automatically prevent you from having prostate cancer surgery. The decision depends on a careful assessment of your heart condition, overall health, the nature of your prostate cancer, and the potential benefits and risks of each treatment option.
Good preparation and communication between your urologist, cardiologist, anaesthetist, and wider healthcare team can help create a safer and more personalised treatment plan. By sharing your medical history, symptoms, and concerns openly, you give your team the information they need to make appropriate decisions about your care.
If you are exploring treatment options and want to understand more about choosing specialist prostate cancer surgery in London, a detailed consultation can help you learn how your heart health may affect planning, preparation, and your pathway through treatment.
References:
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2016, updated 2024) ‘Routine preoperative tests for elective surgery’, NICE Guideline NG45. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng45
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2021) ‘Heart valve disease presenting in adults: investigation and management’, NICE Guideline NG208. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng208
- Siech, C. et al. (2024) ‘Cardiovascular Disease and Chronic Pulmonary Disease Increase the Risk of Short-Term Major Postoperative Complications after Robotic-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy’, Medicina, 60(1), 173. Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/1/173
- Ayoub, C.H. et al. (2022) ‘A novel radical prostatectomy specific index (PSI) for the prediction of major cardiovascular events following surgery’, International Urology and Nephrology. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35982275/
- Haas, S. et al. (2011) ‘Haemodynamics and cardiac function during robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy in steep Trendelenburg position’, International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery, 7(4), pp. 408–413. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21815239/